Geographical dimensions

The topography of a place is formed by the deposition and intercalation of rock units over

 time and by metamorphic processes.

Rock units are formed by deposition or intrusion at the Earth's surface. 

These may have formed when sediment settled on the Earth's surface. 

These may then have hardened and formed into sedimentary rock.

Volcanic materials such as volcanic ash or slurries cover the surface like a blanket and

 crystallize as volcanic intrusions such as Neelvariparai, Insethukuparai or Kummattaparai.

Rock units melt or metamorphose early after deposition. Deformation is

 usually caused by actions such as horizontal shortening, horizontal extension,

 or side-to-side movement. Converging boundaries, divergent boundaries,

 and spreading boundaries between continents are widely associated with structural time.